Although most research has traditionally focused on the hepatocyte, it is now clear that non-hepatocyte cell types make crucial contributions to liver function and pathology, and efforts to understand their embryonic origins and the mechanisms underlying their development have intensified. Biliary epithelial cells (cholangiocytes), sinusoidal endothelial cells, hepatic stellate cells (Ito cells), Kupffer cells, and pit cells (liver-specific natural killer cells) represent the majority of non-hepatocyte cell types in the liver. 1 The hepatocyte is a polarized epithelial cell that exhibits both endocrine and exocrine properties. The principal functional cell type of the liver is the hepatocyte, which accounts for 78% of parenchymal volume in the rat liver. MRNA, messenger RNA E, embryonic day FGF, fibroblast growth factor BMP, bone morphogenetic protein. This knowledge has been applied to control the differentiation of embryonic stem and hepatic progenitor cells into hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, raising the prospect of generating quantities of hepatic cells in culture that are suitable for therapeutic uses. Although gaps in our knowledge still exist, many of the molecules and pathways that act during the earliest stages of hepatic development have been identified. The combined use of genetic manipulation in mice and advanced culturing techniques, along with the availability of model genetic systems, underlies the recent expansion in our understanding of the fundamental processes that govern the development of the liver.
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